Why do Swedes and Danes insist on pretending they speak the same language?
There's something heroic about the way Danes and Swedes insist on trying to communicate with one another using their own languages, but more often than not end up nodding, smiling, and only pretending to understand. Why not give up and just speak English?
From my first trips to Copenhagen with my Swedish wife I realised something was amiss. She boldly embarked on long conversations with the Danes we met, even though to me it was apparent from the start that she had very little grasp of what was being said.
I've since frequently observed Danes in Malmö having to repeat themselves over and over again as their Swedish hosts blink uncomprehendingly at the elided syllables and glottal stops issuing from their mouths.
The situation in The Bridge, the Scandinavian thriller, comes nowhere close to reality.
There, you can watch Swedish detective Saga Norén and her Danish counterpart Martin Rohde gabble away in their own languages and yet somehow understand each other well enough to solve the crime.
But the truth is that, however much goodwill each side brings to the table, Swedish and Danish are only about 50 percent mutually intelligible.
According to a 2017 study by Charlotte Gooskens at Groningen University, Swedes listening to Danes in an intelligibility test got 56 percent of answers correct, while Danes listening to Swedes got only 44 percent right.
Other studies have found that Danes find Swedish easier than Swedes find Danish, which feels more likely given that Swedes speak their language largely as written while Danes swallow almost every word.
Whatever is the case, the two languages have about the same mutual intelligibility as Italian and Portuguese or Italian and Spanish, and they are considerably behind closer language pairs like Slovak and Polish, or Slovenian and Croatian.
So the sense I've always had that each side is only understanding half of what the other is saying is absolutely correct. There is no such language as "Scandinavian". Swedish and Danish are very much different languages.
So why not just use English from the start? After all, everyone involved normally speaks it perfectly.
According to Gooskens, the reason is primarily cultural. "In a world of increasing globalisation, language is a very important way of stressing our common identity," she told me. Attempting to speak "Scandinavian" is an expression that Swedes and Danes have something in common.
Moreover, she points out that the 50 percent mutual intelligibility is for Swedes and Danes with no previous exposure to each other's languages.
With languages this close, it only takes a short course, or a relatively short period of time living in one another's country, to boost mutual intelligibility dramatically, often to close to 100 percent.
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One of the reasons Swedes often find Danish harder to understand than Danes find Swedish is that Danish frequently uses both the word used in Swedish and another alternative. Rum, for example, means "room" in both languages, but Danish also uses the word værelse, creating what Gooskens calls "asymmetrical intelligibility". A Dane can always understand a Swede talking about their room, but a Swede can only understand a Dane when they use the right word.
Danes who've worked, studied, or lived in Sweden know instinctively which words to avoid, and are skilled at spelling out syllables they would swallow on the other side of the bridge.
Swedes who've worked, studied, or lived in Denmark (or older people from Sweden's southernmost region Skåne who grew up watching Danish television), are on the other hand able to mentally fill in the syllables Danes miss out.
Gooskens believes that rather than give up and switch to English, Swedes and Danes should instead work more actively at learning to understand one another better.
"Even though Danes and Swedes may not understand each other well at first, I think that it takes very little effort to reach mutual understanding," she said. "I think that it is worth the effort to bring young people into contact with each other and make them conscious about and positive towards the idea of communicating with their own Scandinavian languages."
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From my first trips to Copenhagen with my Swedish wife I realised something was amiss. She boldly embarked on long conversations with the Danes we met, even though to me it was apparent from the start that she had very little grasp of what was being said.
I've since frequently observed Danes in Malmö having to repeat themselves over and over again as their Swedish hosts blink uncomprehendingly at the elided syllables and glottal stops issuing from their mouths.
The situation in The Bridge, the Scandinavian thriller, comes nowhere close to reality.
There, you can watch Swedish detective Saga Norén and her Danish counterpart Martin Rohde gabble away in their own languages and yet somehow understand each other well enough to solve the crime.
But the truth is that, however much goodwill each side brings to the table, Swedish and Danish are only about 50 percent mutually intelligible.
According to a 2017 study by Charlotte Gooskens at Groningen University, Swedes listening to Danes in an intelligibility test got 56 percent of answers correct, while Danes listening to Swedes got only 44 percent right.
Other studies have found that Danes find Swedish easier than Swedes find Danish, which feels more likely given that Swedes speak their language largely as written while Danes swallow almost every word.
Whatever is the case, the two languages have about the same mutual intelligibility as Italian and Portuguese or Italian and Spanish, and they are considerably behind closer language pairs like Slovak and Polish, or Slovenian and Croatian.
So the sense I've always had that each side is only understanding half of what the other is saying is absolutely correct. There is no such language as "Scandinavian". Swedish and Danish are very much different languages.
So why not just use English from the start? After all, everyone involved normally speaks it perfectly.
According to Gooskens, the reason is primarily cultural. "In a world of increasing globalisation, language is a very important way of stressing our common identity," she told me. Attempting to speak "Scandinavian" is an expression that Swedes and Danes have something in common.
Moreover, she points out that the 50 percent mutual intelligibility is for Swedes and Danes with no previous exposure to each other's languages.
With languages this close, it only takes a short course, or a relatively short period of time living in one another's country, to boost mutual intelligibility dramatically, often to close to 100 percent.
READ ALSO:
One of the reasons Swedes often find Danish harder to understand than Danes find Swedish is that Danish frequently uses both the word used in Swedish and another alternative. Rum, for example, means "room" in both languages, but Danish also uses the word værelse, creating what Gooskens calls "asymmetrical intelligibility". A Dane can always understand a Swede talking about their room, but a Swede can only understand a Dane when they use the right word.
Danes who've worked, studied, or lived in Sweden know instinctively which words to avoid, and are skilled at spelling out syllables they would swallow on the other side of the bridge.
Swedes who've worked, studied, or lived in Denmark (or older people from Sweden's southernmost region Skåne who grew up watching Danish television), are on the other hand able to mentally fill in the syllables Danes miss out.
Gooskens believes that rather than give up and switch to English, Swedes and Danes should instead work more actively at learning to understand one another better.
"Even though Danes and Swedes may not understand each other well at first, I think that it takes very little effort to reach mutual understanding," she said. "I think that it is worth the effort to bring young people into contact with each other and make them conscious about and positive towards the idea of communicating with their own Scandinavian languages."
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